Emotions are a core component of the human experience, and alterations in its processing are to be found in a multitude of psychiatric disorders. While there is wide consensus of the fact that emotion dysregulation is a core transdiagnostic factor for psychopathology, systematic research on this construct has been limited. In this thesis, we will illustrate the highly multilevel and interdisciplinary approach that we applied to the study of emotional processing with the aim to pinpoint possible biomarkers of its alterations, even at trait levels, which may be further used to develop specific and relevant preventive protocols. As a first step, we studied trait emotion dysregulation to comprehensively profile this condition from a psychophysiological perspective and to outline the different neural patterns associated with it. We showed that high emotion dysregulation levels, even if still not clinically relevant, are associated with alterations in EEG Gamma band activity in response to emotional ecological stimuli, especially negative ones. Another innovative step consisted in the study of resting state functional connectivity by means of EEG-derived source localization. We found an increased engagement of the Ventral Attention Network, a resting state network that is involved in the automatic orienting of attention towards emotionally salient stimuli, in the high dysregulation group compared with the low dysregulation group, suggesting a pervasive influence of emotion on brain network dynamics in this sample. We then focused on primary psychopathy, which is mainly characterized by emotional detachment and impairments in the processing of fear-inducing stimuli. We relied on a startle reflex modulation paradigm, a well-known index of defensive reactivity, coupled with the presentation of highly ecological, multisensory material. Our results showed that high primary psychopathy was associated with lower startle amplitudes during the presentation of Fear clips compared with controls, in accordance with previous literature. Considering that emotion is composed by neurobiological factors, external and internal inputs, and a behavioral output, it can be usefully broken into building blocks that can be readily investigated with basic research conducted on animals. Even simple organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, can indeed be studied by combining powerful neurophysiological tools and designs with psychophysiological research paradigms. We therefore implemented a startle reflex paradigm in D. melanogaster flies to assess whether the modulation of this index according to the motivational context (i.e., appetitive, neutral, or negative) could be replicated in these organisms, an aspect which to the extent of our knowledge had never been investigated before. We adopted a classical electrophysiological paradigm in which we electrically stimulated the giant fiber pathway while exposing the animals to appetitive, neutral, and aversive stimuli and recording the electrical evoked response. Our results point towards the involvement of arousal as well as valence in the modulation of this index in flies. These findings provide innovative insights in the study of the startle reflex, which could be implemented and further explored in select populations of D. melanogaster modeling certain psychological disorders, such as for example depression or anxiety. In conclusion, this work represents an innovative contribution for a comprehensive understanding of alterations in emotional processing, and the findings here illustrated could be used to tailor treatment interventions and develop preventive strategies aiming to teach adaptive emotional management. Moreover, basic research on animals, applied in an innovative way, provided a novel level of analysis concerning emotional processing.
Le emozioni sono una componente fondamentale dell’esperienza umana, e sono alterate in moltissimi disturbi psichiatrici. Nonostante ci sia ampio consenso riguardo al fatto che la disregolazione emotiva sia un fattore chiave in numerose psicopatologie, la ricerca sistematica su questo costrutto è stata piuttosto limitata. In questa tesi illustreremo l’approccio altamente interdisciplinare che abbiamo applicato allo studio dell’elaborazione emozionale con lo scopo di identificare possibili biomarker delle sue alterazioni, presenti anche a livello di tratto, che possano essere utilizzati per sviluppare protocolli di prevenzione specifici e rilevanti. Come prima cosa, abbiamo studiato la disregolazione emotiva per identificarne un completo profilo psicofisiologico e per delineare i diversi pattern neurali ad essa associati. Alti tratti di disregolazione emotiva si sono mostrati associati ad alterazioni della banda EEG Gamma in risposta a stimoli emozionali altamente ecologici, specie negativi. Un altro aspetto innovativo riguarda lo studio della connettività funzionale in resting state tramite localizzazione delle sorgenti derivata dall’EEG. Abbiamo riscontrato un’aumentata connettività del Ventral Attention Network, normalmente coinvolto nell’orientamento automatico dell’attenzione verso stimoli emotivamente salienti, nel gruppo ad alta disregolazione. Ciò suggerisce un’influenza pervasiva delle emozioni sulle dinamiche neurali dei network cerebrali in questo campione. Abbiamo poi analizzato la psicopatia primaria, caratterizzata da alti livelli di distacco emotivo e da elaborazione deficitaria della paura. Tramite un paradigma di modulazione del riflesso di startle, un noto indice di reattività difensiva, combinato con la presentazione di materiale multisensoriale altamente ecologico, abbiamo mostrato come alti livelli di psicopatia primaria siano associati ad ampiezze del riflesso di startle inferiori rispetto a quanto rilevato nei controlli durante la presentazione di filmati che inducevano paura, in linea con la letteratura. Considerando l’emozione come composta da fattori neurobiologici, input esterni ed interni, e da un output comportamentale, essa si può efficacemente suddividere in componenti singole sondabili anche in organismi semplici come Drosophila melanogaster, che possono essere studiati combinando strumenti neurofisiologici con paradigmi di ricerca psicofisiologici. Ci siamo quindi concentrati di nuovo sul riflesso di startle per vedere se, anche in questi organismi, potesse essere replicata la sua modulazione a seconda del contesto motivazionale (appetitivo, neutro o aversivo), un aspetto che per nostra conoscenza non era ancora stato verificato. Abbiamo adottato una metodologia elettrofisiologica per stimolare la via di trasmissione del giant fiber degli esemplari durante la loro esposizione a stimoli appetitivi, neutri e aversivi, e abbiamo registrato la risposta elettrica evocata. I risultati ottenuti indicano un coinvolgimento dell’arousal oltre che della valenza nella modulazione di questo indice in Drosophila. Questi risultati forniscono importanti contributi allo studio del riflesso di startle, che potrebbe essere ulteriormente studiato in linee di Drosophila specifiche e selezionate per rappresentare modelli genetici di alcuni disturbi psicologici come ansia o depressione. Per concludere, questo lavoro rappresenta un contributo innovativo nel comprendere in modo più completo le alterazioni dell’elaborazione emozionale, e i risultati qui illustrati potrebbero essere utilizzati per creare interventi terapeutici ad hoc e per sviluppare strategie preventive che mirino all’insegnamento di strategie adattive di regolazione emozionale. Inoltre, la ricerca di base sugli animali, applicata in modo innovativo, ha fornito un ulteriore livello di analisi relativa all’elaborazione emozionale.
Psicofisiologia dell'elaborazione emozionale e delle sue alterazioni: approcci innovativi e traslazionali
FUSINA, FRANCESCA
2022
Abstract
Emotions are a core component of the human experience, and alterations in its processing are to be found in a multitude of psychiatric disorders. While there is wide consensus of the fact that emotion dysregulation is a core transdiagnostic factor for psychopathology, systematic research on this construct has been limited. In this thesis, we will illustrate the highly multilevel and interdisciplinary approach that we applied to the study of emotional processing with the aim to pinpoint possible biomarkers of its alterations, even at trait levels, which may be further used to develop specific and relevant preventive protocols. As a first step, we studied trait emotion dysregulation to comprehensively profile this condition from a psychophysiological perspective and to outline the different neural patterns associated with it. We showed that high emotion dysregulation levels, even if still not clinically relevant, are associated with alterations in EEG Gamma band activity in response to emotional ecological stimuli, especially negative ones. Another innovative step consisted in the study of resting state functional connectivity by means of EEG-derived source localization. We found an increased engagement of the Ventral Attention Network, a resting state network that is involved in the automatic orienting of attention towards emotionally salient stimuli, in the high dysregulation group compared with the low dysregulation group, suggesting a pervasive influence of emotion on brain network dynamics in this sample. We then focused on primary psychopathy, which is mainly characterized by emotional detachment and impairments in the processing of fear-inducing stimuli. We relied on a startle reflex modulation paradigm, a well-known index of defensive reactivity, coupled with the presentation of highly ecological, multisensory material. Our results showed that high primary psychopathy was associated with lower startle amplitudes during the presentation of Fear clips compared with controls, in accordance with previous literature. Considering that emotion is composed by neurobiological factors, external and internal inputs, and a behavioral output, it can be usefully broken into building blocks that can be readily investigated with basic research conducted on animals. Even simple organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, can indeed be studied by combining powerful neurophysiological tools and designs with psychophysiological research paradigms. We therefore implemented a startle reflex paradigm in D. melanogaster flies to assess whether the modulation of this index according to the motivational context (i.e., appetitive, neutral, or negative) could be replicated in these organisms, an aspect which to the extent of our knowledge had never been investigated before. We adopted a classical electrophysiological paradigm in which we electrically stimulated the giant fiber pathway while exposing the animals to appetitive, neutral, and aversive stimuli and recording the electrical evoked response. Our results point towards the involvement of arousal as well as valence in the modulation of this index in flies. These findings provide innovative insights in the study of the startle reflex, which could be implemented and further explored in select populations of D. melanogaster modeling certain psychological disorders, such as for example depression or anxiety. In conclusion, this work represents an innovative contribution for a comprehensive understanding of alterations in emotional processing, and the findings here illustrated could be used to tailor treatment interventions and develop preventive strategies aiming to teach adaptive emotional management. Moreover, basic research on animals, applied in an innovative way, provided a novel level of analysis concerning emotional processing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/96997
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPD-96997