The notion of biopolitics, encompassing the issue of the practice of power directed at the individual and his body, to the penetration of biopower over the entire population as a technique of biopolitics were revealed in their importance for contemporary philosophical debate largely thanks to the works of Agamben and Hardt and Negri, as well as other well-known names of Italian theory. The attention was returned and focused on the significance of Foucault's works, in which, describing the general strategy of power through the mechanisms of governing people since the eighteenth century, Foucault traced the place of biopolitics within the framework of neoliberal criticism. In the process that Foucault marks as the transformation of the criteria that normatively define human policy, our analysis will focus primarily on the question of the place of sovereignty and subjectivity. The "statalization" of the biological and orientation of the social body and its environment to maximize the capitalist increase extended to the whole life will be analized as opposed to the potential of Rousseau's revolutionary discourse. Foucault's opposition of legal and economic subject will prove to be significant for his critique of utilitarian direction of historical practices and governance techniques derived from the discourse of liberalism. The analysis of the relationship between sovereigny, biopolitics and subjectivity, emphasizing Foucault`s concept of the care of the self, will show the intertwining between his understanding of ethics, political engagement and philosophical thinking. The second part will be dedicated to Italian biopoliticians, Agamben and Negri, as well as Roberto Esposito. The analysis of similarities and differences in the reception of Foucault in their biopolitical theories will question whether there is quid proprium of Italian theory. Agamben's perspective of the relationship between law and violence, the concept of bare life and designation of camp as a biopolitical paradigm of the West will show the importance of position of sovereignty in his theory for the question of subjectivity. His choice of the refugee figure representing non-citizen and the concept of whatever singularities as new non-subjects of the coming community, will show Agamben's theory in the light of post-subjectivist and post-political thinking. Opposing his view on future community, based on the ethics of the testimony and the sufficient life, to political challenges, will clarify whether the issue of the postmodern discourse present in his vision of pure humanity remain futile in the attempt to explain the most significant contemporary biopolitical phenomena. Further, we`ll consider Hardt and Negri`s view on biopolitical production, showing numerous examples of their awareness of the problems of contemporary Western political practice, and problematize their models of the ontological production of the multitude. We`ll reassess their representation of the Empire, focusing on the claim that imperialism has been replaced by supranational, legal institutions. Hardt and Negri`s appeal to the autotransformation of the biopolitics through affermative production leading to the anthropo-ontological consequences will be compared with the theories of Donna Haraway and Rosi Braidotti, searching for possible metamorfosis for the new (post)subjectivity. Esposito`s conceptualization of the immunitary paradigm will be re-examined as a step toward an "affirmative biopolitics", as well as his philosophy of the impersonal, especially in comparison with the ideas found in Kafka, Simone Weil and Sloterdijk. His deconstruction of political philosophy, proposal of ontology as institutent though and analysis of political-theological apparatuses will question ability of his theory to offer the political response to the political-institutional crisis. Esposito`s understanding of vitalism will be compared with Lacanian psychoanalysis and Luhmann`s immunity theory while examining his epistemological perspective of constitutive outside and self/other dialectics. The project will try to provide a conceptual framework for thinking of biopolitics, analyzing the possiblities of new reading of Foucault and post-Foucauldian thinkers. Issues of biotechnocracy, humanism and humanitarianism, politics of science and epistemology, separation of the private and public spheres are some of the issues we`ll try to better comprehend through grasping what biopolitics is, what are its manifestations today, as well as what it actually means to think in biopolitical terms today.
La nozione di biopolitica, comprendendo la questione della pratica del potere diretta all'individuo e al suo corpo, alla penetrazione del biopotere sull'intera popolazione come tecnica della biopolitica si è rivelata nella sua importanza per il dibattito filosofico contemporaneo in gran parte grazie alla opere di Agamben e Hardt e Negri, oltre ad altri nomi noti dell`Italian theory. L'attenzione è stata restituita e focalizzata sul significato delle opere di Foucault, in cui, descrivendo la strategia generale del potere attraverso i meccanismi di governo delle persone fin dal XVIII secolo, Foucault ha tracciato il posto della biopolitica nel quadro della critica neoliberista. Nel processo che Foucault segna come trasformazione dei criteri che definiscono normativamente la politica umana, la nostra analisi si concentrerà principalmente sulla questione del luogo della sovranità e della soggettività. Verrà analizzata la "statalizzazione" del biologico e l'orientamento del corpo sociale e del suo ambiente per massimizzare la crescita capitalistica estesa a tutta la vita in contrapposizione alle potenzialità del discorso rivoluzionario di Rousseau. L'opposizione di Foucault tra soggetto giuridico ed economico si rivelerà significativa per la sua critica alla direzione utilitaristica delle pratiche storiche e delle tecniche di governo derivate dal discorso del liberalismo. L'analisi del rapporto tra sovranità, biopolitica e soggettività, sottolineando il concetto di cura di sé di Foucault, mostrerà l'intreccio tra la sua comprensione dell'etica, l'impegno politico e il pensiero filosofico. La seconda parte sarà dedicata ai biopolitici italiani, Agamben e Negri, oltre a Roberto Esposito. L'analisi delle somiglianze e delle differenze nella ricezione di Foucault nelle loro teorie biopolitiche metterà in dubbio l'esistenza di un quid proprium dell`Italian theory. La prospettiva di Agamben del rapporto tra diritto e violenza, il concetto di nuda vita e la designazione del campo come paradigma biopolitico dell'Occidente mostreranno l'importanza della posizione di sovranità nella sua teoria per la questione della soggettività. La sua scelta della figura del rifugiato che rappresenta il non cittadino e il concetto di singolarità qualunque come nuovi non soggetti della futura comunità, mostrerà la teoria di Agamben alla luce del pensiero post-soggettivista e post-politico. Opporre alle sfide politiche la sua visione della comunità futura, fondata sull'etica della testimonianza e della vita sufficiente, chiarirà se la questione del discorso postmoderno presente nella sua visione dell'umanità pura resta inutile nel tentativo di spiegare i più significativi fenomeni biopolitici. Inoltre, prenderemo in considerazione la visione di Hardt e Negri sulla produzione biopolitica, mostrando numerosi esempi della loro consapevolezza dei problemi della pratica politica occidentale contemporanea, e problematizzeremo i loro modelli di produzione ontologica della moltitudine. Riesamineremo la loro rappresentazione dell'Impero, concentrandoci sull'affermazione che l'imperialismo è stato sostituito da istituzioni legali sovranazionali. L'appello di Hardt e Negri all'autotrasformazione della biopolitica attraverso la produzione affermativa che porta alle conseguenze antropo-ontologiche sarà confrontato con le teorie di Donna Haraway e Rosi Braidotti, alla ricerca di possibili metamorfosi per la nuova (post)soggettività. La concettualizzazione del paradigma immunitario da parte di Esposito sarà riesaminata come un passo verso una "biopolitica affermativa", così come la sua filosofia dell'impersonale, soprattutto rispetto alle idee trovate in Kafka, Simone Weil e Sloterdijk. La sua decostruzione della filosofia politica, la proposta dell'ontologia come pensiero istitutivo e l'analisi degli apparati politico-teologici metteranno in discussione la capacità della sua teoria di offrire la risposta politica alla crisi politico-istituzionale. La comprensione di Esposito del vitalismo sarà confrontata con la psicoanalisi lacaniana e la teoria dell'immunità di Luhmann mentre esaminerà la sua prospettiva epistemologica del costitutivo esterno e della dialettica sé/altro dal sé. Il progetto cercherà di fornire un quadro concettuale per pensare la biopolitica, analizzando le possibilità di una nuova lettura di Foucault e autori post-foucaultiani. Questioni di biotecnocrazia, umanesimo e umanitarismo, politica della scienza e dell'epistemologia, separazione tra sfera privata e sfera pubblica sono alcune delle questioni che cercheremo di capire meglio attraverso la comprensione di cosa sia la biopolitica, quali sono le sue manifestazioni oggi, nonché cosa essa significa in realtà pensare in termini biopolitici oggi.
Biopolitics: reception of Foucault in Italian theory
DRAGISIC, SARA
2022
Abstract
The notion of biopolitics, encompassing the issue of the practice of power directed at the individual and his body, to the penetration of biopower over the entire population as a technique of biopolitics were revealed in their importance for contemporary philosophical debate largely thanks to the works of Agamben and Hardt and Negri, as well as other well-known names of Italian theory. The attention was returned and focused on the significance of Foucault's works, in which, describing the general strategy of power through the mechanisms of governing people since the eighteenth century, Foucault traced the place of biopolitics within the framework of neoliberal criticism. In the process that Foucault marks as the transformation of the criteria that normatively define human policy, our analysis will focus primarily on the question of the place of sovereignty and subjectivity. The "statalization" of the biological and orientation of the social body and its environment to maximize the capitalist increase extended to the whole life will be analized as opposed to the potential of Rousseau's revolutionary discourse. Foucault's opposition of legal and economic subject will prove to be significant for his critique of utilitarian direction of historical practices and governance techniques derived from the discourse of liberalism. The analysis of the relationship between sovereigny, biopolitics and subjectivity, emphasizing Foucault`s concept of the care of the self, will show the intertwining between his understanding of ethics, political engagement and philosophical thinking. The second part will be dedicated to Italian biopoliticians, Agamben and Negri, as well as Roberto Esposito. The analysis of similarities and differences in the reception of Foucault in their biopolitical theories will question whether there is quid proprium of Italian theory. Agamben's perspective of the relationship between law and violence, the concept of bare life and designation of camp as a biopolitical paradigm of the West will show the importance of position of sovereignty in his theory for the question of subjectivity. His choice of the refugee figure representing non-citizen and the concept of whatever singularities as new non-subjects of the coming community, will show Agamben's theory in the light of post-subjectivist and post-political thinking. Opposing his view on future community, based on the ethics of the testimony and the sufficient life, to political challenges, will clarify whether the issue of the postmodern discourse present in his vision of pure humanity remain futile in the attempt to explain the most significant contemporary biopolitical phenomena. Further, we`ll consider Hardt and Negri`s view on biopolitical production, showing numerous examples of their awareness of the problems of contemporary Western political practice, and problematize their models of the ontological production of the multitude. We`ll reassess their representation of the Empire, focusing on the claim that imperialism has been replaced by supranational, legal institutions. Hardt and Negri`s appeal to the autotransformation of the biopolitics through affermative production leading to the anthropo-ontological consequences will be compared with the theories of Donna Haraway and Rosi Braidotti, searching for possible metamorfosis for the new (post)subjectivity. Esposito`s conceptualization of the immunitary paradigm will be re-examined as a step toward an "affirmative biopolitics", as well as his philosophy of the impersonal, especially in comparison with the ideas found in Kafka, Simone Weil and Sloterdijk. His deconstruction of political philosophy, proposal of ontology as institutent though and analysis of political-theological apparatuses will question ability of his theory to offer the political response to the political-institutional crisis. Esposito`s understanding of vitalism will be compared with Lacanian psychoanalysis and Luhmann`s immunity theory while examining his epistemological perspective of constitutive outside and self/other dialectics. The project will try to provide a conceptual framework for thinking of biopolitics, analyzing the possiblities of new reading of Foucault and post-Foucauldian thinkers. Issues of biotechnocracy, humanism and humanitarianism, politics of science and epistemology, separation of the private and public spheres are some of the issues we`ll try to better comprehend through grasping what biopolitics is, what are its manifestations today, as well as what it actually means to think in biopolitical terms today.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/97573
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-97573