Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit, especially those born prematurely and with low birth weight, may require enteral and parenteral nutrition (PN) with lipids. Dietary lipids are essential for infants to achieve nutrient and energy requirements to ensure an adequate growth. Early life malnutrition and poor in-hospital growth have been associated with later impaired long-term growth and neurodevelopment. This thesis describes a number of investigations on lipid metabolism in enterally and parenterally fed infants. Our data suggest that human placenta tends to limit the availability of phytosterols (naturally occurring sterols found in plant-derived products, such as vegetable oils) to the foetus. Phytosterol metabolism in preterm infants on routine PN with vegetable oils is reduced in comparison with term infants and adults: lowest esterification and slow elimination from the bloodstream. In case of cholestasis, the ability of preterm infants to manage phytosterols in intravenous (IV) lipid emulsions (LE) is markedly low. A high enteral phytosterol intake as it occurs in infant milk formula-fed infants results in elevated plasma phytosterol levels both in preterm and term infants. A low phytosterol diet should be preferred for infants. We found that IV fish oil does not negatively affect weight gain in small preterm infants. New generation IV LE containing fish oil appear to be safe for preterm infants but their effect on organ growth (such as brain and lungs) deserves further studies. In a case-control study, we found that hypertriglyceridemia (HiTG) affects IV LE intakes in small preterm infants on routine PN. We did not find any association between HiTG and reduced growth and poorer neurodevelopment. The recommended doses of IV LE may still be in excess compared to those effectively required for adequate growth and metabolism of small preterm infants. The benefits of the extra IV LE during HiTG remain to be clarified.
I neonati nel reparto di terapia intensiva neonatale, specialmente quelli nati pretermine e con basso peso alla nascita, possono aver bisogno di nutrizione enterale e parenterale (NP) con lipidi. I lipidi forniti con la dieta sono essenziali per raggiungere i requisiti nutrizionali ed energetici necessari per una corretta crescita. Uno stato di malnutrizione nella vita post-natale e una scarsa crescita intra-ospedaliera sono state associate ad un ritardo di crescita a lungo termine e del neurosviluppo. Questa tesi descrive studi sul metabolismo lipidico di neonati alimentati per via enterale e parenterale. I nostri dati suggeriscono che la placenta umana limita la disponibilità di fitosteroli (steroli di origine naturale presenti in prodotti derivati da piante come gli oli vegetali) al feto. Il metabolismo dei fitosteroli nel neonato pretermine in NP è ridotto rispetto a quello del neonato a termine e dell’adulto: più bassa esterificazione e lenta eliminazione dal torrente sanguigno. La difficoltà di metabolizzare i fitosteroli è marcatamente ridotta in caso di colestasi. L’assunzione orale/enterale di alimenti con elevato contenuto di fitosteroli (es. formule per l’infanzia a base di oli vegetali) è associata ad alti livelli di fitosteroli plasmatici nei neonati pretermine e a termine. Una dieta con basso contenuto di fitosteroli è preferibile per i neonati. L’olio di pesce assunto per via intravenosa non influenza negativamente la crescita ponderale dei pretermine. Le emulsioni con olio di pesce sembrano essere sicure anche se il loro effetto sulla crescita di organi come cervello e polmoni richiede ulteriori studi. L’ipertrigliceridemia è associata ad una riduzione degli apporti dei lipidi intravenosi ma non a ridotta crescita e neurosviluppo nei pretermine. Le dosi raccomandate di lipidi intravenosi potrebbero essere in eccesso rispetto a quelle necessarie per una corretta crescita. I benefici di lipidi extra in caso di ipertrigliceridemia restano da chiarire
Lipid Metabolism in the Neonate
CORREANI, Alessio
2019
Abstract
Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit, especially those born prematurely and with low birth weight, may require enteral and parenteral nutrition (PN) with lipids. Dietary lipids are essential for infants to achieve nutrient and energy requirements to ensure an adequate growth. Early life malnutrition and poor in-hospital growth have been associated with later impaired long-term growth and neurodevelopment. This thesis describes a number of investigations on lipid metabolism in enterally and parenterally fed infants. Our data suggest that human placenta tends to limit the availability of phytosterols (naturally occurring sterols found in plant-derived products, such as vegetable oils) to the foetus. Phytosterol metabolism in preterm infants on routine PN with vegetable oils is reduced in comparison with term infants and adults: lowest esterification and slow elimination from the bloodstream. In case of cholestasis, the ability of preterm infants to manage phytosterols in intravenous (IV) lipid emulsions (LE) is markedly low. A high enteral phytosterol intake as it occurs in infant milk formula-fed infants results in elevated plasma phytosterol levels both in preterm and term infants. A low phytosterol diet should be preferred for infants. We found that IV fish oil does not negatively affect weight gain in small preterm infants. New generation IV LE containing fish oil appear to be safe for preterm infants but their effect on organ growth (such as brain and lungs) deserves further studies. In a case-control study, we found that hypertriglyceridemia (HiTG) affects IV LE intakes in small preterm infants on routine PN. We did not find any association between HiTG and reduced growth and poorer neurodevelopment. The recommended doses of IV LE may still be in excess compared to those effectively required for adequate growth and metabolism of small preterm infants. The benefits of the extra IV LE during HiTG remain to be clarified.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/97696
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-97696