The Italian Alpine region, and mountain regions in general, can be particularly sensitive and exposed to natural hazards. Future climate projections, indicates an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, worsening existing vulnerabilities that characterize Alpine communities. It is therefore critically important to understand the sources of risk and develop strategies to enhance community resilience, reduce exposure risk and valorize potentialities and resources of these territories. The biophysical and geomorphological aspects of natural hazard risks and consequences have been studied extensively, however knowledge gaps exist in understanding the social components that determine community response to natural hazards. This PhD thesis aims at contributing to fill this research gap, investigating elements influencing institutional and community response to windstorm events. No previous research has been found on community response to forest-related hazards, it is therefore intended that this research will contribute in fostering adaptive capacities of Alpine communities to extreme events. To fully understand impacts, chain and cause-effect linkages triggered by windstorms in forests and forests-related communities, two extensive literature reviews were carried out. Existing literature was investigated emphasizing the interconnections among environmental, managerial, economic and institutional forest-related domains. Results showed a lack of interdisciplinary approach in investigating windstorm impacts on forests and forest-related communities, concentrating mainly on impacts in environment-related dimensions and overlooking impacts on social-related dimensions. The second review was intended to fill the knowledge gaps resulting from the first literature review. Thus, the focus was placed on windstorm impacts on societal-related dimensions of forest‐related systems stressing the influence of socio- economic drivers on post-windstorm forest management and policy formulation. Once a full comprehension of post-windstorm dynamics in forests was acquired, a multiple case-study approach was implemented to gain an in-depth understanding of institutional processes and communities’ reactions characterizing disaster response at local level. Institutional responses as well as community strategies implemented in response to Vaia windstorm were compared in four administrative territories hit by the storm in North-Eastern Italy. In the first analysis, institutional disaster management strategies adopted to manage Vaia windstorm consequences were assessed and benchmarked with the principles of good disaster governance outlined in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. A second, comparative analysis was carried out to investigate social elements that influenced individual and community adaptive capacity in dealing with Vaia windstorm consequences. The results were examined by performing MCA and cluster analysis, to explore different attitudes, behaviors and perceptions in relation to individual and community natural hazard coping capacities. The analyses carried out in this thesis could be an important resource to understand factors underpinning resilience and adaptive capacities of Italian Alpine regions to extreme weather events. Based on the results four main recommendations were identified to foster Alpine communities’ capacities of facing future extreme events all of which rely on having a clear and in-depth comprehension of the compound and systemic nature of natural hazards. This would enable identification cascade-effects triggered, as well as forecast future sources of vulnerabilities. With this information it could be developed a long-term strategy for dealing with natural disaster risks ensuring a comprehensive natural hazard preparedness and overall community adaptive capacity
La regione alpina italiana, e le regioni montane in generale, sono particolarmente esposte ai pericoli naturali. Le proiezioni climatiche future indicano un aumento della frequenza e dell'intensità di eventi naturali estremi, peggiorando le vulnerabilità esistenti che caratterizzano le comunità alpine. È quindi di fondamentale importanza comprendere le fonti di rischio e sviluppare strategie per migliorare la resilienza della comunità, ridurre l'esposizione al rischio e valorizzare le potenzialità e le risorse di questi territori. Gli aspetti biofisici e geomorfologici dei rischi derivanti da pericoli naturali sono stati ampiamente studiati, tuttavia esistono lacune nella comprensione delle componenti sociali che determinano la risposta della comunità ad eventi estremi. Questa tesi di dottorato intende colmare questa lacuna indagando gli elementi che influenzano la risposta istituzionale e delle comunità alla tempesta Vaia. Fino ad ora, nessuna ricerca ha indagato l'aspetto sociale legato agli eventi estremi che colpiscono ambienti forestali, pertanto ci auguriamo che questa ricerca possa fornire un prezioso contributo per comprendere meglio le capacità di adattamento e di resilienza delle comunità alpine ad eventi estremi. Per comprendere appieno le relazioni di causa-effetto innescate dalle tempeste nelle foreste e nelle comunità legate alle foreste, abbiamo realizzato due revisioni della letteratura. LLa letteratura è stata indagata sottolineando le interconnessioni tra varie dimensioni legate all’ambiente forestale: ambiente, gestione forestale, economica e istituzionale. I risultati hanno mostrato la mancanza di approccio interdisciplinare nello studio degli impatti delle tempeste, concentrandosi principalmente sugli impatti nelle dimensioni legate all'ambiente e trascurando gli impatti sulle dimensioni legate alla società. Il secondo studio aveva lo scopo di colmare le lacune risultanti dalla prima literature review. L’attenzione è stata posta sugli impatti delle tempeste sulle dimensioni sociali legate sistemi forestali, sottolineando l'influenza di questi fattori nella gestione del post-tempesta. Una volta acquisita una piena comprensione delle dinamiche post-tempesta, abbiamo realizzato una raccolta dati empirica per acquisire una comprensione approfondita dei processi che caratterizzano la risposta delle comunità ad eventi estremi. Abbiamo confrontato le politiche istituzionali e le strategie attuate dalle comunità locali in risposta alla tempesta Vaia nelle regioni colpite dalla tempesta: Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Veneto e Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Nella prima analisi, abbiamo valutato gli approcci e le strategie di gestione dei disastri adottate dalla istituzioni nelle quattro area studio, confrontandoli con i principi di una buona governance dei disastri delineati nel Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Nel secondo caso abbiamo eseguito un'analisi comparativa per indagare quali variabili sociali hanno influenzato la capacità della comunità nell'affrontare le conseguenze della tempesta Vaia. Abbiamo analizzati i dati raccolti eseguendo MCA e cluster analysis per esplorare diversi atteggiamenti, comportamenti e percezioni in relazione alle capacità di far fronte ai pericoli naturali a livello di singolo cittadino e ci comunità. Crediamo che i risultati di questa tesi possano essere una risorsa importante per comprendere le dinamiche che caratterizzano la resilienza e le capacità di adattamento delle regioni alpine colpite da eventi estremi. Sulla base dei risultati, sono state identificate quattro raccomandazioni principali per promuovere le capacità delle comunità alpine di affrontare futuri eventi estremi.Le raccomandazioni proposte permettono lo sviluppo di una strategia a lungo termine per affrontare i rischi derivanti da eventi naturali estremi, garantendo una capacità di adattamento di tutta la comunità.
Strategie di adattamento e resilienza delle comunità dopo eventi climatici estremi: il caso della tempesta Vaia in Italia
ROMAGNOLI, FEDERICA
2023
Abstract
The Italian Alpine region, and mountain regions in general, can be particularly sensitive and exposed to natural hazards. Future climate projections, indicates an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, worsening existing vulnerabilities that characterize Alpine communities. It is therefore critically important to understand the sources of risk and develop strategies to enhance community resilience, reduce exposure risk and valorize potentialities and resources of these territories. The biophysical and geomorphological aspects of natural hazard risks and consequences have been studied extensively, however knowledge gaps exist in understanding the social components that determine community response to natural hazards. This PhD thesis aims at contributing to fill this research gap, investigating elements influencing institutional and community response to windstorm events. No previous research has been found on community response to forest-related hazards, it is therefore intended that this research will contribute in fostering adaptive capacities of Alpine communities to extreme events. To fully understand impacts, chain and cause-effect linkages triggered by windstorms in forests and forests-related communities, two extensive literature reviews were carried out. Existing literature was investigated emphasizing the interconnections among environmental, managerial, economic and institutional forest-related domains. Results showed a lack of interdisciplinary approach in investigating windstorm impacts on forests and forest-related communities, concentrating mainly on impacts in environment-related dimensions and overlooking impacts on social-related dimensions. The second review was intended to fill the knowledge gaps resulting from the first literature review. Thus, the focus was placed on windstorm impacts on societal-related dimensions of forest‐related systems stressing the influence of socio- economic drivers on post-windstorm forest management and policy formulation. Once a full comprehension of post-windstorm dynamics in forests was acquired, a multiple case-study approach was implemented to gain an in-depth understanding of institutional processes and communities’ reactions characterizing disaster response at local level. Institutional responses as well as community strategies implemented in response to Vaia windstorm were compared in four administrative territories hit by the storm in North-Eastern Italy. In the first analysis, institutional disaster management strategies adopted to manage Vaia windstorm consequences were assessed and benchmarked with the principles of good disaster governance outlined in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. A second, comparative analysis was carried out to investigate social elements that influenced individual and community adaptive capacity in dealing with Vaia windstorm consequences. The results were examined by performing MCA and cluster analysis, to explore different attitudes, behaviors and perceptions in relation to individual and community natural hazard coping capacities. The analyses carried out in this thesis could be an important resource to understand factors underpinning resilience and adaptive capacities of Italian Alpine regions to extreme weather events. Based on the results four main recommendations were identified to foster Alpine communities’ capacities of facing future extreme events all of which rely on having a clear and in-depth comprehension of the compound and systemic nature of natural hazards. This would enable identification cascade-effects triggered, as well as forecast future sources of vulnerabilities. With this information it could be developed a long-term strategy for dealing with natural disaster risks ensuring a comprehensive natural hazard preparedness and overall community adaptive capacityFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/98556
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPD-98556