The research aims to investigate the impact of board independence, executives’ compensation and gender diversity on firms’ performance (ROA, ROE, profit margin and stock returns) and risk (market volatility), with reference to the North American insurance industry. Consistently with this purpose, the thesis includes three main chapters: Chapter 1 describes the importance of the said governance features and the new regulatory framework on governance practices and it explains the relevance of a further investigation on the US insurance industry. Chapter 2 presents a systematic literature review by considering both contributions from the extensive finance literature and studies on the insurance sector and it concludes that academic research on insurance industry’s corporate governance is very limited, especially if we focus on women representation on boards. Chapter 3 reports the main analyses carried out on a sample of 96 North American insurers over the period 2000-2013. In detail, the methodology consists of a panel regression framework with four estimation methods: (1) OLS firm fixed effects, (2) OLS firm fixed effects with ar(1) of first differenced residuals, (3) OLS firm and year fixed effects, and (4) two stage least squares (2SLS) with firm fixed effects. Results confirm that insurers’ performance and risk are sensitive to the composition of the board, in terms of proportion of independent and female directors, and to the average executives’ total compensation. Specifically, higher executives’ total compensation leads to higher performance and lower risk; increased board independence and gender diversity significantly reduce insurers’ risks and, moreover, more females in the boardrooms enhance insurance companies performance. The empirical findings of this work intensify insurance literature and provide justifications to include corporate governance factors in the insurance regulatory framework. In addition, the significant results about gender diversity might deserve consideration by regulators and policymakers since it suggests the introduction of mandatory “gender quotas” on the North American companies’ boards.
L’obiettivo di questa ricerca consiste nell’indagare l’impatto dell’indipendenza del board, della remunerazione media degli amministratori esecutivi e della diversità di genere sugli indicatori di performance (ROA, ROE, profit margin, rendimentodi mercato) edi rischio (volatilità di mercato) di un campione di 96 compagnie assicurative quotate sui mercati Nord Americani nel periodo 2000-2013. La tesi è suddivisa in tre capitoli: il primo descrive l’importanza della corporate governance, il contesto normativo di riferimento e le motivazioni per cui si è analizzata l’industria assicurativa americana. Il secondo capitolo presenta l’analisi della letteratura, riferita al settore finanziario in generalee a quello assicurativo, evidenziando i pochi studi effettuati sulla corporate governance delle assicurazioni, e soprattutto sugli effetti della diversità di genereall’interno dei board. Il terzo capitolo, infine, riporta i risultati delle verifiche empiriche effettuate. La metodologia applicata all’analisi consiste in regressioni panel con 4 specifici metodi: (1) OLS con effetti fissi per ogni azienda, (2) OLS con effetti fissi per ogni azienda e residui ar(1), (3) OLS con effetti fissi per ogni azienda ed ogni anno e (4) regressioni a due stadi (2SLS) con effetti fissi per ogni azienda. I risultati confermano l’importanzadella strutturadi corporate governance quale determinante delle performance e del rischio delle imprese assicurative: in particolare, compensi più elevati degli esecutivi impattano positivamente sulla performance delle aziende e ne riducono il rischio e, allo stesso tempo, l’indipendenza dei membri del board e la percentuale di amministratori di genere femminile generano effetti positivi su entrambe ledimensioni considerate. Il lavoro, pertanto, oltre ad ampliare la letteratura assicurativa sul tema, fornisce diversi argomenti a favore di una regolamentazione di alcuni profili di governance delle assicurazioni. Inoltre, le evidenze in merito ai benefici connessi alladiversità di genere in seno ai consigli di amministrazione, in termini di maggiore performance e minor rischio, meritano un’attenzione particolare da parte delle autorità politiche e di regolamentazione, e portano a suggerirel’introduzione di “quote di genere” minime obbligatorie nei consigli di amministrazione delle imprese nord americane.
Corporate governance, performance and risk: evidence from the US insurance industry
MAININI, MARTINA
2016
Abstract
The research aims to investigate the impact of board independence, executives’ compensation and gender diversity on firms’ performance (ROA, ROE, profit margin and stock returns) and risk (market volatility), with reference to the North American insurance industry. Consistently with this purpose, the thesis includes three main chapters: Chapter 1 describes the importance of the said governance features and the new regulatory framework on governance practices and it explains the relevance of a further investigation on the US insurance industry. Chapter 2 presents a systematic literature review by considering both contributions from the extensive finance literature and studies on the insurance sector and it concludes that academic research on insurance industry’s corporate governance is very limited, especially if we focus on women representation on boards. Chapter 3 reports the main analyses carried out on a sample of 96 North American insurers over the period 2000-2013. In detail, the methodology consists of a panel regression framework with four estimation methods: (1) OLS firm fixed effects, (2) OLS firm fixed effects with ar(1) of first differenced residuals, (3) OLS firm and year fixed effects, and (4) two stage least squares (2SLS) with firm fixed effects. Results confirm that insurers’ performance and risk are sensitive to the composition of the board, in terms of proportion of independent and female directors, and to the average executives’ total compensation. Specifically, higher executives’ total compensation leads to higher performance and lower risk; increased board independence and gender diversity significantly reduce insurers’ risks and, moreover, more females in the boardrooms enhance insurance companies performance. The empirical findings of this work intensify insurance literature and provide justifications to include corporate governance factors in the insurance regulatory framework. In addition, the significant results about gender diversity might deserve consideration by regulators and policymakers since it suggests the introduction of mandatory “gender quotas” on the North American companies’ boards.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196857
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-196857