This project explores how recent constructivist approaches in moral and political philosophy can meaningfully contribute to the contemporary debate on human rights. The research is divided into two main parts, each addressing a key aspect of the discussion: the definition of rights and the question of their universality. In Part I, I examine the definitional challenges surrounding human rights, showing how the lack of consensus among philosophical and legal perspectives stems from differing views about the nature, form, and function of rights. By analyzing several constructivist theories, I propose understanding rights as “legitimate specificatory demands”—claims that become normative when they are rationally and publicly justified. This justification operates on two levels: internally, through the constitutive norms of reason, and externally, through the moral norms recognized by the moral community. A right, therefore, is not something given or discovered, but something that gains legitimacy through processes of rational and public justification. I then distinguish rights from other normative concepts, such as reasons and values, arguing that what makes a right legitimate within a constructivist framework is its grounding in autonomous and public reasoning. Legitimacy is not pre-established but constructed through shared rational deliberation. This raises a fundamental question: if reason is the source of rights, are humans truly the only beings entitled to them? To avoid excluding animals, artificial intelligences, or other possible non-human rational agents, it may be more appropriate to speak of person rights rather than human rights. To address this issue, I explore the concept of dignity, traditionally regarded as the foundation of human rights, and assess its compatibility with constructivism. I conclude that dignity should be retained but reconceptualized not as a self-evident intrinsic value, but as a status-concept derived from reason—something one attains through the capacity for rational justification. This reinterpretation allows us to uphold the idea of dignity without appealing to metaphysical foundations, instead linking it to the concept of respect: every moral person is worthy of respect insofar as they participate in rational discourse. Part II addresses the theme of the universality of human rights. The author critiques the traditional opposition between natural law and legal positivism, arguing that both rest on a rigid separation between facts and values, which leads to opposite but equally problematic outcomes: metaphysical foundationalism and procedural formalism. Constructivism, by contrast, offers an intermediate framework capable of reconciling the universal validity of rights with their institutional and historical nature. From this perspective, human rights are both universal and institutional: they are created by human institutions, yet they are not arbitrary, because they are grounded in shared reason. This makes it possible to explain how a law can be unjust without appealing to metaphysical entities, and to respect cultural diversity without falling into relativism. Constructivist universality—defined as constitutive universality—avoids both the danger of dogmatic foundations and that of empty proceduralism, as it arises from rational agency itself, a condition that no rational agent can coherently deny. In conclusion, constructivism offers a procedural and intersubjective conception of universality, in which human rights are not “natural” but “constructed,” and yet remain universal because every rational agent, through their capacity for justification and understanding, can recognize them as legitimate. Constructivism thus emerges as a middle path between moral and political approaches, proposing a pluralistic universalism suited to the realities of contemporary global society.
Il progetto analizza in che modo gli approcci costruttivisti recenti nella filosofia morale e politica possano offrire un contributo significativo al dibattito contemporaneo sui diritti umani. L’indagine si articola in due parti principali, che affrontano rispettivamente la definizione dei diritti e la questione della loro universalità. Nella Parte I, esamino le difficoltà definitorie dei diritti umani, evidenziando come l’assenza di consenso tra prospettive filosofiche e giuridiche dipenda da differenti concezioni della natura, della forma e della funzione del diritto. Attraverso l’analisi delle principali teorie costruttiviste, propone di intendere i diritti come “domande specificatorie legittime”, ossia rivendicazioni che diventano normative quando sono giustificate razionalmente sia dal punto di vista interno — attraverso le norme costitutive della ragione — sia esterno — tramite i principi morali condivisi da una comunità. In questa prospettiva, un diritto non deriva da un fondamento ontologico o naturale, ma dalla possibilità di giustificare pubblicamente la legittimità della pretesa. Successivamente, distinguo i diritti da altri concetti normativi, come ragioni e valori, sostenendo che ciò che rende un diritto legittimo è il suo radicamento nel ragionamento autonomo e pubblico. La legittimità, dunque, non è data, ma costruita razionalmente. Da qui emerge una domanda cruciale: se la ragione è ciò che fonda i diritti, gli esseri umani sono davvero gli unici ad esserne titolari? Per evitare l’esclusione di animali, intelligenze artificiali o eventuali agenti non umani dotati di razionalità o sensibilità, si suggerisce di parlare di diritti delle persone piuttosto che di diritti umani. A tale scopo, analizzo il concetto di dignità, spesso considerato il fondamento dei diritti umani, interrogandomi sulla sua compatibilità con il costruttivismo. Concludo che il termine dignità deve essere mantenuto, ma reinterpretato non come valore intrinseco e autoevidente, bensì come concetto di status derivante dall’uso della ragione. La dignità, quindi, non è un dato naturale, ma una condizione acquisita attraverso il riconoscimento reciproco e la giustificazione razionale. Questa rilettura consente di salvaguardare il concetto di dignità senza ricorrere a fondamenti metafisici, legandolo invece alla nozione di rispetto tra agenti morali. La Parte II affronta il tema dell’universalità dei diritti umani, criticando il contrasto tra giusnaturalismo e giuspositivismo, fondati entrambi su una rigida separazione tra fatti e valori, da cui derivano esiti opposti ma ugualmente problematici: il fondazionalismo metafisico e il formalismo procedurale. Il costruttivismo, al contrario, offre un quadro intermedio capace di coniugare la validità universale dei diritti con la loro natura istituzionale e storica. Secondo questa prospettiva, i diritti umani sono al tempo stesso universali e istituzionali: creati da istituzioni umane, ma non arbitrari, perché fondati sulla ragione condivisa. Ciò permette di spiegare come una legge possa essere ingiusta senza dover invocare entità metafisiche, e di rispettare la diversità culturale senza cadere nel relativismo. L’universalità costruttivista, definita come universalità costitutiva, evita sia il rischio di fondazioni dogmatiche sia quello di vuoti procedurali: essa nasce dall’agire razionale stesso, condizione che nessun agente può coerentemente negare. In conclusione, il costruttivismo offre una aperta, riflessiva e dinamica dei diritti, capace di adattarsi alla complessità del mondo globalizzato senza rinunciare alla loro pretesa di validità universale.
Il Costruttivismo Morale e Politico nel dibattito sui Diritti Umani
MORELLI, JACOPO
2026
Abstract
This project explores how recent constructivist approaches in moral and political philosophy can meaningfully contribute to the contemporary debate on human rights. The research is divided into two main parts, each addressing a key aspect of the discussion: the definition of rights and the question of their universality. In Part I, I examine the definitional challenges surrounding human rights, showing how the lack of consensus among philosophical and legal perspectives stems from differing views about the nature, form, and function of rights. By analyzing several constructivist theories, I propose understanding rights as “legitimate specificatory demands”—claims that become normative when they are rationally and publicly justified. This justification operates on two levels: internally, through the constitutive norms of reason, and externally, through the moral norms recognized by the moral community. A right, therefore, is not something given or discovered, but something that gains legitimacy through processes of rational and public justification. I then distinguish rights from other normative concepts, such as reasons and values, arguing that what makes a right legitimate within a constructivist framework is its grounding in autonomous and public reasoning. Legitimacy is not pre-established but constructed through shared rational deliberation. This raises a fundamental question: if reason is the source of rights, are humans truly the only beings entitled to them? To avoid excluding animals, artificial intelligences, or other possible non-human rational agents, it may be more appropriate to speak of person rights rather than human rights. To address this issue, I explore the concept of dignity, traditionally regarded as the foundation of human rights, and assess its compatibility with constructivism. I conclude that dignity should be retained but reconceptualized not as a self-evident intrinsic value, but as a status-concept derived from reason—something one attains through the capacity for rational justification. This reinterpretation allows us to uphold the idea of dignity without appealing to metaphysical foundations, instead linking it to the concept of respect: every moral person is worthy of respect insofar as they participate in rational discourse. Part II addresses the theme of the universality of human rights. The author critiques the traditional opposition between natural law and legal positivism, arguing that both rest on a rigid separation between facts and values, which leads to opposite but equally problematic outcomes: metaphysical foundationalism and procedural formalism. Constructivism, by contrast, offers an intermediate framework capable of reconciling the universal validity of rights with their institutional and historical nature. From this perspective, human rights are both universal and institutional: they are created by human institutions, yet they are not arbitrary, because they are grounded in shared reason. This makes it possible to explain how a law can be unjust without appealing to metaphysical entities, and to respect cultural diversity without falling into relativism. Constructivist universality—defined as constitutive universality—avoids both the danger of dogmatic foundations and that of empty proceduralism, as it arises from rational agency itself, a condition that no rational agent can coherently deny. In conclusion, constructivism offers a procedural and intersubjective conception of universality, in which human rights are not “natural” but “constructed,” and yet remain universal because every rational agent, through their capacity for justification and understanding, can recognize them as legitimate. Constructivism thus emerges as a middle path between moral and political approaches, proposing a pluralistic universalism suited to the realities of contemporary global society.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/362759
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-362759